The Eye of the Master: A Social History of Artificial Intelligence by Matteo Pasquinelli

Author:Matteo Pasquinelli
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Verso

The invention of artificial neural networks

As outlined in the previous chapter, the invention of artificial neural networks was canonised in a milestone paper by McCulloch and Pitts: ‘A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity’ (1943). This was followed by another key text that was a direct response to the Gestalt controversy: ‘How We Know Universals’ (1947).11 While the former introduced the idea of a network of artificial neurons to automate logical reasoning, the latter advanced its application to ‘the perception of auditory and visual forms’ (see fig. 7.1). The passage from the former to the latter marks a logical breakaway. Whereas the 1943 paper proposed neural networks as deductive machines for propositional calculus, the 1947 paper pointed towards inductive machines for automating pattern recognition. It is worth bearing in mind that McCulloch and Pitts’s 1943 paper did not mention computers, because they were not then an established technology.12

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